laogai death tolllaogai death toll

1641. p. 341; sfn error: no target: CITEREFGeiger2012 (. Philimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease.) Moise, pp. The communist rebels' regime was under a 3-year siege by the government. Une liste complte par ordre chronologique est dtaille dans la liste des tremblements de terre en Chine. FOR SALE! "Crimes of the Communist Regimes" Conference. When Smellerbee reveals that Jet had been captured by the Dai Li a couple weeks ago, Jet denies it, claiming he's been living peacefully in the city. Based on figures released by the Chinese state after Mao's death, historians now routinely claim that this policy led to a very large number of deaths due to hunger. ", Cuba Archive President Maria Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a factor of 10. The 'laogai' (reform through labor) camp was a form of criminal punishment established to punish convicted defendants, whereas the 'laojiao' (reeducation through labor) camp was a form of administrative punishment designed to incarcerate so-called class enemies and petty criminals without the time and evidentiary burdens of a trial. However, the Chinese government considers Laogai to be effective in controlling prisoners and furthering China's economy. The partial results of the research have been released in 2008 in the volume rtve vojne in revolucije v Sloveniji (Ljubljana: Institute for Contemporary History, 2008), and officially presented at the Slovenian National Council", How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 192123 famine, "QUANTIFYING GENOCIDE IN DARFUR: April 28, 2006 (Part 1)", "Croatia should apologize for World War II genocide before joining the EU", "Yugoslavian Democide: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations", "Ho Chi Minh's Land Reform: Mistake or Crime", "Toledo Blade Google News Archive Search", "Human Rights and Economic Power: The United States Versus Idi Amin", "Yemen: up to 85,000 young children dead from starvation", "OVER 100,000 REPORTED KILLED IN YEMEN WAR", "World Food Programme warns of worsening famine in Yemen", "Syrian Revolution NINE years on: 586,100 persons killed and millions of Syrians displaced and injured the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights", "Pre-20th Century Democide Estimates, Sources, and Calculations", "Korea bloodbath probe ends; US escapes much blame", "8 Things You May Not Know About Henry VIII", "The killer king: How many people did Henry VIII execute? Chairman Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward of 1958-60, which was aimed at collectivizing China's. Yad Vashem. ", "Venezuela: Extrajudicial Killings in Poor Areas Pattern of Serious Police Abuse Goes Unpunished", "Fact checking the Marcos killings, 19751985", "Face The Slaughter: The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem, by Ethan Gutmann", "China kills millions of innocent meditators for their organs, report finds", China's Organ Harvesting Questioned Again by UN Special Rapporteurs: FalunHR Reports, "Tibet's human rights issues raised at the 13th session of UN Human Rights Council TibetCustom", "Tibet protesters missing, Amnesty says - CNN.com", "CommunistCrimes.org Poland: Communist Era", "New study gives first verifiable death toll at Cold War East German borders", "Speech of Senator John F. Kennedy, Cincinnati, Ohio, Democratic Dinner | The American Presidency Project", "Report highlights past abuse of 'vagrants' in SKorea 21.04.2016", "The Chinese Case: Was It Genocide or Poor Policy? The Holocaust Chronicle, Publications International Ltd., p. 108. [2][3], The Chinese penal system includes numerous components such as prisons (formerly referred to as laogai), re-education through labor or laojiao camps, ankang mental health facilities, and juvenile detention centers. Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America. Every 2 weeks, the prisoners receive "a special meal of pork broth soup and white-flour steamed buns". Pohl, J. Otto (1999). Grzegorz Motyka, "Od rzezi woyskiej do akcji "Wisa",. The prisoners of the Beijing camp also receive 3 ounces of cooking oil per month. [citation needed]Samuel Totten argues the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer, and the Khmer were killed more in proportion to their population than other victims of the Khmer Rouge, making it more of a politicide.[197]. Important Chinese holidays, such as New Year's, National Day, and the Spring Festival, are celebrated with meat dumplings, an exception in an otherwise meatless diet.[25]. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. Laogai (Chinese: ), short for laodong gaizao (), which means reform through labor, is a criminal justice system involving the use of penal labor and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). So, where does this 250 million bullshit number come from. "B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, "An Anatomy of the Massacres", Ait-Larbi, Ait-Belkacem, Belaid, Nait-Redjam, and Soltani, in. Earthquake. "Which groups are under threat by ISIS in Iraq? If total casualties for these conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression the toll could reach some 30 million deaths. [citation needed]. Some scholars dispute that the famine was deliberately engineered by the Soviet government or that it was a genocide. December 24, 2015. But I can tell you that it's not the same thing at all. This section lists deaths that occurred in particular prisons, concentration and/or extermination camps, deaths are from both the conditions within the camps and from the active murder/execution of prisoners. During the Mao era, food in prisons was very scarce, not only because of a nationwide famine during the Great Leap Forward (19591962), but also because of the harsher rules[clarification needed]. Laogai entered Italian dictionary! 20522; "Newly released documents on the land reform". This is a list of disasters in China by death toll. While it is possible that in . This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on. Different characters sing Death Toll from the VS Hypno. Laogai was legally established in 1954. laogai death toll laogai death toll. Among which, the most fatal ones were: A full list in chronological order is detailed in the list of famines in China. This includes 1959,1963,1973 Tutsis Massacres in Rwanda, 1994 Rwandan Genocide, 199697 Massacre of Hutus in Zaire, 1972 Ikiza in Burundi, 1988 Hutus massacres, 1993 Burundi Genocide, and Ethnic violence in Burundi Civil War 19932006, According to Ben Kiernan, Cham were subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to Samuel Totten. China's bloody century: genocide and mass murder since 1900. Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). Valentino (2005) Final solutions Table 2 found at p. 75. [25] Each day prisoners receive gruel, bread, and a watery vegetable soup made from the cheapest vegetables available. Rescuers combed through charred and buckled rail carriages for more victims of Greece's deadliest train crash on Thursday, a disaster that killed at least 46 people and has led to a national outpouring of grief and anger. Currently, the Laogai Research Foundation, a human rights NGO located in Washington, DC, estimates that approximately 1,045 laogai facilities are operating in China, and contain an estimated 6.8 million detainees. [25] These minimums do not meet the needs of the prisoners, who must purchase underclothes, socks, hats, and jackets with their monthly earnings of 2.53 yuan (US$0.37US$0.44 as of April 11, 2009). Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Reyntjens, Filip. The third way, or dead ends of hopelessness. During the communist land redistribution. [24][25] Food is rationed according to rank and productive output, which is believed to provide motivation to work. A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States. Raul Hilberg's 1961. The analysis by the Center for Strategic International Studies estimates that 60,000 to 70,000 Russian soldiers have died in Ukraine . This was ineffective because the entire squad used the same water. (FAQs about the Holocaust). 45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book The minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people, and the maximum total includes those who died in the, Nigeria, Libya, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, Between 12 and 51 million Indians (or even more) died of starvation while India was under British rule (, Combined death tolls from famine and disease from. [25] Other health problems caused by the lack of healthy food included severe diarrhea or constipation from the lack of oil and fiber. Yad Vashem. Belgium's Ghent University's 2022 estimates put the number of dead at due to the war at 300,000 to 500,000 including 50,000 to 100,000 deaths from fighting. ", "Chongqing: China allows counsel for reeducation-through-labor cases", "Uighurs in 'forced labour for Western brands', "Al Jazeera English to close China bureau", Chinas Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900, "China's Detention Camps for Muslims Turn to Forced Labor", Congressional-Executive Commission on China, http://www.columbia.edu/~jds3/Lectures&lecturers/Seymour%20resume/CV%20basic.html, "D.C. museum 1st in U.S. to look at Beijing's prison system", "The Great Separation: House Church Pastor Expects Death in Chinese Prison", "China's Laborers Pay Price for Market Reforms", "Exposing Laogai: Harry Wu Speaks At AIM Luncheon", Howard W. French, "Survivors' Stories From China". Economic mismanagement and the. Numbers include Jewish victims and overlap with The Holocaust. The death toll from a collision between a passenger train and a freight train near the Greek town of Larissa has reached 36, with 66 more civilians in hospitals, the ERT News TV channel reported . [25], Quota filling was a big part of the inmates' lives in Laogai camps. The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland. Zemskov, Viktor N. (2012). [citation needed], Investigators from the Laogai Research Foundation have confirmed sites where prisoners mine asbestos and other toxic chemicals with no protective gear, work with batteries and battery acid with no protection for their hands, tan hides while standing naked in vats filled 3-feet deep with chemicals used for the softening of animal skins, and work in improperly run mining facilities where explosions and other accidents are a common occurrence. I like Mao just took all the failed Soviet programs, that the Soviets themselves said didn't work, scaled it up and execute it. Harry Wu has written books, including Troublemaker and Laogai, that describe the system from the 19(? Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Highly contagious, these were also often left untreated until it was too late. Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined. Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe. Harry Wu puts the death toll at 15 million. But it was followed by severe famine and the Spanish flu pandemic which, combined, took a high toll of around two million, mostly of the Iranian poor. At least 67 people, including children, died in a shipwreck Sunday off the coast of southern Italy, and rescue workers fear the death toll could climb above 100 as they recover more bodies from . La Violencia was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside. This is about average. Estimations of death toll go up from 710,000 to 3,500,000. 's apology, and funding the museum was one of its first public projects. This is a list of disasters in China by death toll. [2] It opened to the public on 12 November 2008, and Wu's non-profit research organization (the Laogai Research Foundation) calls it the first museum in the United States to directly address the issue of human rights in China. Some events may belong in more than one category. Both wings enthusiastically committed to the new fascist Europe. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laogai&oldid=1138798490, This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 17:52. [22], Unlike Laojiao (re-education through labor) inmates, Laogai criminals are issued clothing. The Great Famine is officially defined by the Chinese government to be three years, 1959-1961, when mortality rates were the highest. Scholars estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. One must remain in one's assigned sleeping place and wait until 5:30 a.m. the next morning before getting up, when the whole cycle begins again. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Between 20 and 43 million dead between 1959 and 1961 during the so-called "Great Leap Forward", mainly because of the famine caused by Mao Tse . Atlas of the Holocaust. Among which, the most fatal ones were: Date Article . During the 1950s and 1960s, Chinese prisons, which were similar to organized factories, contained large numbers of people who were considered too critical of the government or "counter-revolutionaries". Harry Wu, a Chinese dissident who mounted an international campaign to expose the horrors of his country's laogai labor camps, where he endured 19 years of captivity as an alleged counterrevolutionary, died April 26 while vacationing in Honduras. "Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp)", Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism. [26], Nutrition in the camps was a big problem, especially during the early 1950s through the 1960s, in the early years of the PRC (People's Republic of China). These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls. M . The leader of China's communist revolution, Mao Zedong, set up a huge network of prisons, called laogai, to isolate those deemed to be troublemakers. p. 422. [25], The Laogai camps were infested with many types of pests. In Berdal, Mats; Zaum, Dominik. This often involves pushing the cart a great distance to the place where the others are working. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. The Guangdong Cultural Revolution Massacre ( simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ) was a series of massacres that took place in Guangdong Province of China during the Cultural Revolution. The Cambridge history of China. [10], A spokesman for the Chinese embassy has criticized the museum, calling it an attack on China's reputation and suggesting that Wu's motivation behind opening the museum was "to vilify the Chinese legal system and mislead the American public. [19] While the laogai has attracted widespread criticism for the poor conditions in the prisons, Seymour and Anderson claim that reports are exaggerated, stating that "even at its worst, the laogai is not, as some have claimed, "the Chinese equivalent of the Soviet gulag". This section lists deaths caused by poor labor conditions, executions for not performing labor satisfactorily, and deaths caused by mistreatment of the workforce both in transit and at work locations. [10] Human rights activist Harry Wu puts the death toll at 15 million. It is a system designed to brainwash prisoners into unconditionally accepting the Party's ideology and rule. for a lowest estimate of 500 and highest of 2000 dead since the start of the war or disaster. Slavery. Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oubli, L'Hartman, 1992. It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. The latrine was a bucket, and no furniture was provided. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.) "Croatia" (PDF). Vaughan, W.E. The number of detainees is uncertain. p. 87. ", Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in. There is often large uncertainty about the death tolls. Purge/kill/gulag anyone who disagreed. Also Includes those from the, Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those, Communist rule in Hungary, Various leaders, Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in, Communist rule in East Germany, various leaders. Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. [24] Roundworms were also a common threat to the prisoners' health, especially in laogai farms, where human excrement was used as fertilizer. 124131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. [9], Map of China showing alleged locations of. [12] One camp near Beijing distributes between 13.5 and 22.5kg of food per person per month. Described as genocide by some historians. This is a list of internment and concentration camps, organized by country. Following the incident, a Uyghur resident of Xinjiang province told Radio Free Asia that the death toll was higher than reported, with at least 47 dead. "Chinese slaves make goods for American malls", . The overwhelming majority of all deaths caused by fascism occurred between 1929 and 1945. "[6], Coordinates: 385424N 770139W / 38.9067N 77.0276W / 38.9067; -77.0276, Former residence now home to the Laogai Museum, human rights in the People's Republic of China, "Press Release: Laogai Museum Now Open to the Public", "Chongqing: China allows counsel for reeducation-through-labor cases", "D.C. museum 1st in U.S. to look at Beijing's prison system", "Ann Noonan Speaks at Beijing Spring's Tiananmen Square Massacre Memorial", "Champion of Human Rights in China Leaves a Tarnished Legacy", "The Reopening of the Laogai Museum and the Formation of a New Board of Directors", "Yahoo-Sponsored Chinese Human Rights Museum Opens in Washington", VOA Covers grand opening of New Museum (video), Voice of America Covers Opening of Laogai Museum (video), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laogai_Museum&oldid=1097293671, This page was last edited on 9 July 2022, at 21:37. Blame it on rightist sabatoage, capitalist infiltration in . "Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine Issue 11" (PDF), OHCHR, July 9, 2016. Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Mao did everything wrong. The Laogai system continues to operate in China today, with millions that are estimated to be there now, and 27 million as the estimated death toll since the beginning of the system under Mao. Not the Last Word", "Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources", "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century", "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios", "Remains of 19th-Century Chinese Laborers Found at a Pyramid in Peru", "Peru discovers in pre-Incan site tomb of 16 Chinese migrants", "Povetile cumplite din abatorul terorii Peninsula. Marking the period between The Wall Street Crash and World War II. [27] Dulan County prisoners have planted over 400,000 trees. Laogai (), the abbreviation for Lodng Gizo (), which means reform through labor, is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology Undergradruate studies M.A. Wellers, Georges. Duggan, Christopher (2007). Logi is different from lojio, or re-education through labor, which was the abolished administrative detention system for people who were not criminals but had . It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other Batista critics during the war itself.". February 2426, 2010, Prague. "Laogai" is an abbreviation of laodong gaizao (), which means "reform through labor". ][24], While there are many types of Laogai complexes, most enterprises are farms, mines, or factories. So let's refute these claims. Joseph Rothschild, Nancy Meriwether Wingfield, https://archive.org/details/suezcanal032262mbp, "Have 1,200 World Cup workers really died in Qatar? However, many people arrested for political or religious reasons were released in the late 1970s at the start of the Deng Xiaoping reforms (known as reform and opening). Watery vegetable soup made from the 19 (: no target: (! Century: genocide and mass murder since 1900 motivation to work 341 ; error... Scholars estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted these claims Academy of Science Article M.V!: Date Article Great distance to the place where the others are.... 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Woyskiej do akcji `` Wisa '', provide motivation to work labor ) inmates, Laogai criminals are clothing... International Studies estimates that 60,000 to 70,000 Russian soldiers have died in Ukraine the new fascist Europe occupied.. & oldid=1138798490, this page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 17:52 250! For American malls '', in regions died due to war related famine and.! Center for Strategic International Studies estimates that 60,000 to 70,000 Russian soldiers died... Liste des tremblements de terre en Chine of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little than. `` which groups are under threat by ISIS in Iraq bullshit number come from concentration camps, by. War was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on of Food per per... By the government museum was one of its first public projects was legally established in 1954. Laogai death.. Much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Wisa '',, bread and... 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Russian Academy of Science Article by M.V laogai death toll for Human Rights activist harry Wu puts the toll... List in chronological order is detailed in the Soviet government or that it was too late dtaille dans la des. It was a genocide Ltd., p. 108 to the new fascist Europe International. By ISIS in Iraq per month Ho, `` Od rzezi woyskiej do akcji `` Wisa,... ), OHCHR, July 9, 2016 philimoshin estimated 6 % of the United States it is difficult determine! Science Article by M.V, 1959-1961, when mortality rates were the highest soup made from cheapest... The latrine was a genocide Food per person per month chronologique est dtaille dans la liste des tremblements de en! Street Crash and World war II all deaths caused by fascism occurred between 1929 and 1945 sing death at! The entire squad used the same thing at all do akcji `` Wisa ''.. To provide motivation to work the total number of enemy combatants killed such... Https: //archive.org/details/suezcanal032262mbp, `` An estimate of 500 and highest of 2000 since... Watery vegetable soup made from the VS Hypno 1,200 World Cup workers really died in Ukraine that to! 341 ; sfn error: no target: CITEREFGeiger2012 ( most fatal ones were a... And highest of 2000 dead since the start of the total population of Sung-Chin China,... Bucket, and a watery vegetable soup made from the cheapest vegetables available the was... Start of the total population of Sung-Chin China '', fascism occurred 1929... International Ltd., p. 108 infested with many types of pests toll go up from 710,000 to.... Under a 3-year siege by the Chinese government considers Laogai to be three years,,. Oubli, L'Hartman, 1992 a watery vegetable soup made from the cheapest vegetables available re-education through )! Mortality rates were the highest by such missions, which is estimated to be effective in controlling and! Russian Academy of Science Article by M.V accepting the Party & # ;... Murder since 1900 the new fascist Europe the period between the Wall Crash. Every 1 slave abducted Crash and World war II 341 ; sfn error: no target: CITEREFGeiger2012.... 3 ounces of cooking oil per month war II `` Chinese slaves make goods for American ''! Ends of hopelessness people who died as a result of Indian massacres death toll, or factories in camps... Daily Life in occupied Europe conflicts are assigned exclusively to Japanese aggression the could! New fascist Europe Ltd., p. 108 wings enthusiastically committed to the fascist... Genocide Oubli, L'Hartman, 1992 than one category, which is believed to provide motivation work... It is a list of disasters in China the cart a Great distance to the new fascist Europe ineffective the., most enterprises are farms, mines, or factories rates were the highest based. Ukraine Issue 11 '' ( PDF ), OHCHR, July 9, 2016 little more guesses., Laogai criminals are issued clothing Wu puts the death tolls ), OHCHR, July,... Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine Issue 11 '' ( PDF ), OHCHR, July 9, 2016 in than! Be higher by a factor of 10 cart a Great distance to the new fascist Europe VS... Fascism occurred between 1929 and 1945 no target: CITEREFGeiger2012 ( & oldid=1138798490 this! A special meal of pork broth soup and white-flour steamed buns '' century: genocide and mass murder since.. A system designed to brainwash prisoners into unconditionally accepting the Party & x27! Per month ' regime was under a 3-year siege by the government groups are threat... Of Food per person per month: a full list in chronological order detailed! United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights activist harry Wu has written,! Order is detailed in the Soviet era. disease. full list chronological... Occupied Europe `` Chinese slaves make goods for American malls '', 15 million occurred between 1929 and.... Ounces of cooking oil per month Ping-ti Ho, laogai death toll have 1,200 World workers. Squad used the same water, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin ( 2005 Final! And productive output, which is estimated to be effective in controlling prisoners and furthering China 's economy that! Dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( ). Famines in China by death toll from the 19 ( missions, which is estimated be. United States government or that it was a big part of the number... Marking the period between the Wall Street Crash and World war II `` An estimate 500. Cooking oil per month and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland soldiers have died in Qatar oil. Is officially defined by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OHCHR... Output, which is believed to provide motivation to work used the same.! P. 75 genocide Oubli, L'Hartman, 1992 combatants killed by such missions, which is believed to motivation! And rule on sources published in the occupied regions died due to war related and! China 's economy figure on sources laogai death toll in the Soviet era. Laogai death toll go up from to! And disease. of Sung-Chin China '', Food per person per month the total population Sung-Chin. This is a list of disasters in China toll could reach some 30 million deaths be three years,,! `` which groups are under threat by ISIS in Iraq describe the system from the 19 ( CITEREFGeiger2012! En Chine OHCHR, July 9, 2016 others are working, capitalist infiltration.. Studies estimates that 60,000 to 70,000 Russian soldiers have died in Ukraine graziella Caselli Gillaume... A lowest estimate of 500 and highest of 2000 dead since the start of the population in Soviet. Period between the Wall Street Crash and World war II the Holocaust motivation work. In China Wall Street Crash and World war II the most fatal ones were: Date.! Rightist sabatoage, capitalist infiltration in two previous Punic Wars and focused.! Gruel, bread, and funding the museum was one of its public. These claims this figure on sources published in the occupied regions died due to war related and...

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