aird and berlis copyright infringementaird and berlis copyright infringement

In Teksavvy Solutions Inc. v. Bell Media Inc., 2021 FCA 100, the Federal Court of Appeal has endorsed a judicial innovation to take down those who abuse the internet: a site-blocking order. The lower the cost for the plaintiff up front, the easier for them to increase the number of defendants. We have been forwarded emails, letters, and drafts of complaints, as well as other written correspondencefrom lawyer David C. Deal and Taylor B. Parsons at The Law Office of David [], Have you received a demand letter from Aird Berlis with the subject line claiming that you have committed an infringement of certain copyrighted works? If Aird Berlis Emails You A Copyright Infringement Letter, This Is What You Should Do Post authorBy Darren Heitner, Esq. While a magic crystal ball is hard to find, certain emerging trends seem to be developing, which may provide a hint as to what is to come. All content Aird & Berlis LLP. 550 followers. . For a complete list of all our industries click here. It reveals the internet protocol (IP) address used at the time of the alleged infringement. Internet users receive illegal downloading notices, but what do they mean? Voltage Pictures sought certification of its claim as a class action against anonymous people who unlawfully distributed copies of its movies online. If they are a heavy torrenter then the real solution is to either run their torrents with a VPN on, or get a Seedbox. New regulations surrounding illegal downloading went into effect in Canada two years ago. According to industry experts, these notices continue to cause alarm with unsuspecting Canadians thanks to so-called copyright trolls who misuse the notice and notice regime. Does anyone have personal experience and comments to share? More likely than not, was sent by lawyer Kenneth R. Clark and it comes across as being quite forceful. A weekly newsletter to tackle your biggest money questions, No, you do not have to pay a settlement fee if you get an illegal download notice. Read more about this . Perhaps it is on behalf of Design Pics Inc. or another one of Aird Berlis' clients. Should I contact a lawyer? Paige Backman - Privacypbackman@airdberlis.com416.865.7700, Peter Czegledy - Entertainmentpczegledy@airdberlis.com416.865.7749, Jennifer Bishop- Sportsjbishop@airdberlis.com647.426.2314, Donald B. Johnston- Technologydjohnston@airdberlis.com416.865.3072, Ken Clark- Intellectual Property kclark@airdberlis.com416.865.7749, Stephen Zolf- Mediaszolf@airdberlis.com416.865.3062, The Spotlight is a trade-mark of Aird & Berlis LLP, Brookfield Place, 181 Bay Street, Suite 1800, Toronto, Canada M5J 2T9, StartupSource.ca | EnergyInsider.ca | TheSpotlight.ca. Perhaps it is on behalf of Design Pics Inc. or another one of Aird Berlis clients. Im not Canadian so I have no clue on what to do! And the writs could really fly once the top court rules on who pays to identify the pirates. If Aird Berlis Emails You A Copyright Infringement Letter, This Is What You Should Do By Darren Heitner, Esq. We look for critical thinkers, patient listeners and lawyers who are not only highly skilled at practising law, but are astute business people who leverage opportunities and solve complex problems for our clients. A TSX-V listed Canadian exploration and development company (the Company) successfully closed the acquisition of issued and outstanding shares of a mining company (the Target Company), pursuant to Knowing how different kinds of IP work and how ownership interests are protected at law enables lenders to assess the value of a businesss intangible assets and overall viability. Hey so I got a heavy letter through mail saying that I was going to small court for copyright, when I contacted them they said I have to pay $2.500. We have been sent these types of communications from plenty of individuals who are concerned when they read that Sanders [], If you have any further questions about this article or copyright claims in general, please contact Heitner Legal for a free consultation. Subscribe now to read the latest news in your city and across Canada. Then theres the cost for the Does themselves, since intellectual property proceedings are designed for sophisticated parties, IP lawyer Honsa said. A single hearing of the common issues reduces the use of judicial resources and the costs of mounting a defence through shared counsel, expert witnesses and fees. The Court held that the test for whether to grant a site-blocking order is the traditional injunction three-part test (strong prima facie case, irreparable harm and balance of convenience), ultimately assessing whether the site-blocking order is just and equitable in the circumstances. It is within our grasp. Sometimes, this firm will start with a demand below $30,000 to make you think that it is a reasonable request. We look for critical thinkers, patient listeners and lawyers who are not only highly skilled at practising law, but are astute business people who leverage opportunities and solve complex problems for our clients. 1 Google Inc. v. Equustek Solutions Inc., 2017 SCC 34, the Supreme Court of Canada granted a worldwide de-indexing order against Google, requiring Google to remove infringing websites from its search engine results worldwide. Have You Been Named In A Prepared Food Photos Demand Or Complaint? The student website did not read all of the license requirements which stated that anyone who uses the image must link to a specific page on the photographers website and also include licensing terms in the photos credits, which the students didnt do. i guess a lot of people across canada got served and just trying to know if someone in the community fought them off, or took steps . However, there is a chance one of the tenants has downloaded it. In certain circumstances, the failu Aird & Berlis is pleased to present the 2022 edition of Doing Business in Canada. We are proud to be one of Canadas premier business law firms. On December 27, 2020, then-President Donald Trump signed into law the Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020 (CASE Act). 365 Bloor Street East, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3L4. where there is a class of defendants rather than plaintiffs) for pursuing copyright infringement claims. Your LinkedIn Connections It is within our grasp, and the Federal Court of Canada can lead the way. But the Federal Court of Appeal overturned that decision in May 2017, ruling that Voltage shouldnt have to pay. Meantime, movie rights holders have started identifying the Does and taking them to court. Federal Court of Appeal Affirms Use of Reverse Class Actions For Copyright Infringement Claims. All About Finnerty Osterreicher And Abdulla Copyright Infringement Claims. This publication was developed to provide a general overview of Canadian federal and Ontario law, and is intended for On September 29, Tim Lowman was elected president of the Intellectual Property Institute of Canada (IPIC) and Chair of the IPIC Board of Directors for the 2022-2023 term. 2022 Edition of Doing Business in Canada Now Available! 2023 Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. All rights reserved. The perpetrators hide as zeroes and ones, making enforcement difficult or impossible. For a complete list of all our expertise click here. This website uses cookies to personalize your content (including ads), and allows us to analyze our traffic. Read employee reviews and ratings on Glassdoor to decide if Aird & Berlis is right for you. Again, that is something we will be happy to explore for you. However, it is crucial to understand the value and ownership of the borrowers assets to ensure sufficient security in the collateral. The Court explained that its rules and procedures allow for efficient management of a reverse class action for copyright infringement: The Court decision provides a pathway for using a reverse class action for many types of claims, including mass enforcement of copyright. We represent Fortune 100 companies in the life sciences, food and beverage, entertainment, media, sports and communications, energy and mining sectors, in addition to the electrical, mechanical, biomedical, computer engineering and software development industries. PetaPixel will sometimes use CC images as do many publications across the internet. This meant they were not complying with the specific licensing terms and received an email demanding an amount over $5,000. Canadian Laws I received a letter from Lawrence Veregin from Aird Berlis Hello, I received a letter from Lawrence Veregin from Aird Berlis about copyright infringement for a picture I used on a blog post in October 2018. Bell and Rogers both declined to comment on how many infringement notices theyve received from copyright holders. Thats why weve had to go to the step to actually sue people, he said, adding they grant confidentiality as much as possible to try to treat people fairly. When their subscriber wants to load a website, send an email or watch a video online, the ISP sends the subscribers request to the corresponding site through the internet, and returns back to them the sites response (which, if successful, would be the desired content). Voltage has previously used a similar tactic in the United States District Court of Oregon, but it didnt work. money laundering investigation ends without charges, RCMP believe Slave Lake toddler Jeffrey Dupres, missing for 43 years, is still alive, NASA didnt know: Ottawa elementary school students make breakthrough discovery, NDP, Conservatives push for inquiry into foreign election interference allegations, Edmonton mayor hoping for more than budget promises, Indigo wont pay ransom to hackers, says stolen employee data may appear on dark web this week, Nigeria federal election: Opposition vows to challenge results, New regulations surrounding illegal downloading went into effect, Do I have to pay a settlement fee for copyright infringement?, New regulations about illegal downloading go into effect. This button displays the currently selected search type. NASA didnt know but Canadian students did, Trudeau briefed multiple times since 2019 on election interference, adviser testifies, Huge Jurassic-era bug found outside Arkansas Walmart in super-rare discovery, Massive, multi-year B.C. Through innovative means, we protect your intellectual property rights. I am posting this in hope that there are other people out there in the same situation as me. The defendants do not all need to infringe the same work or in the same way: if needed, the Court may create subclasses of defendants. Unfortunately some photographers and companies are now intentionally taking advantage by including very specific or complex licensing terms that they know most or at least many users probably wont comply with.. Aird & Berlis LLPBrookfield Place, 181 Bay Street, Suite 1800Toronto, Canada M5J 2T9T416.863.1500F416.863.1515. Don't have an account? Bill 96 will have broad On February 22, 2022, the United States Womens National Soccer Team and the countrys top governing body for professional soccer, the United States Soccer Federation, agreed to a settlement of US$24 A considerable portion of many companies values is tied to its IP assets and goodwill. Overview Aird & McBurney LP is a leading Canadian intellectual property boutique firm with an internationally-renowned reputation. This button displays the currently selected search type. On September 8, 2021, the Federal Court of Appeal released its decision in Salna v. Voltage Pictures, LLC, 2021 FCA 176 regarding certification of a reverse class action (i.e. It seems geared more towards an ongoing compensation mechanism and less towards this deterrence.. San Cristobal Mining Inc. completed its acquisition of Minera San Cristbal S.A. and all of its associated assets from Sumitomo Corporation under the terms of a stock purchase agreement. https://www.ippractice.ca/litigation-st -for-2017/, http://cas-cdc-www02.cas-satj.gc.ca/fca o=T-909-17, got-served-paper-ip-trolls-bit-torrent- #p29650360, https://www.ippractice.ca/file-browser/?fileno=T-909-17, https://globalnews.ca/news/3179760/no-y ad-notice/, [RedFlagDeals.com] Tim Lowman is known as a client-centric, forward- thinking, detail-oriented and personable lawyer. Shaw did not respond to requests for comment. The Aird & Berlis Tax Controversy/Tax Litigation team, recently recognized in Chambers Global 2023, consists of 10 full-time tax litigation lawyers practising exclusively in the area. Ericas aptitude for grasping the technicalities of emerging innovations helps her draft strong patent applications for her clients, strategical Kimberly thrives on the challenge of figuring out how best to claim, strengthen and protect her clients inventions in order to create a strateg Jay is a registered patent agent in Canada and the United States, with extensive experience in mechanical, electromechanical and software-related tech Tony represents clients in a variety of high-technology industries, and has extensive patent prosecution experience in the fields of software, hardwar With an extensive science background and industry experience at a multinational pharmaceutical company, Kitt has established himself as a leading pate Steve Hundal is an intellectual property lawyer and a registered patent and trademark agent in Canada. While PicRights is not a law firm and neither is the underlying rights holder, oftentimes a group like Design Pics Inc.,Aird Berlis does employ lawyers licensed to practice in various jurisdictions. Under Canadas notice-and-notice copyright system, the ISP must send notices to users accused of infringement. First, his clients use software called Maverickeye to identify infringing activity on BitTorrent, a peer-to-peer sharing service where files are automatically distributed as soon as a user starts to download them. The font echos that the firm 'stands tall' in their market. If you don't see it, please check your junk folder. If you are a Home delivery print subscriber, unlimited online access is. Now were seeing that might not be so true anymore., Email: ejackson@nationalpost.com | Twitter: theemilyjackson. Got served paper from IP trolls for bit torrent copyright, Display posts from previous: All postsLast dayLast 7 daysLast 2 weeksLast monthLast 3 months6 MonthsLast year, Sort by AuthorPost time Aird & Berlis was also recognized at the firm level across 15 differe Aird & Berlis is proud to continue its support of Black History Month by hosting a special complimentary program on March 2, 2023, Black Voices (In)Justice: Supporting Black Youth Representation in With the rise of cloud-based computing, Software as a Service (SaaS) models have become leading players in the technology space. Alberta. Voltage Pictures sought certification of its claim as a class action against anonymous people who unlawfully distributed copies of its movies online. Nevertheless, Clark said legal action is necessary to stop infringements since people dont pay attention to the notices. All content Aird & Berlis LLP. In Teksavvy, the Court allowed for the site-blocking order to be modified as necessary to include additional sites if the defendants attempted to circumvent the order. As an extension of targeting sites for copyright infringement, a site-blocking order could be used to block known BitTorrent trackers used for unauthorized distribution of copyrighted works. If the integrity and utility of the notice and notice regime is to be sustainable, the Government must proceed as soon as possible to implement regulations preventing the inclusion of settlement demands in such notices and relieving ISPs of any obligation to pass improper notices along to the intended recipients, said Knopf. The claim has not been proven in. His clients, however, need to identify suspected infringers in order to actually sue them. Websites such as Wikimedia, Flickr, and Pixabay offer thousands of photos that can be used for free if the photos CC license is complied with. Aird & Berlis LLP represented Voltage Pictures, a movie production company, in the appeal. The top court is poised to rule on a dispute between movie production company Voltage Pictures LLC and Rogers Communications Inc. over who should foot the bill for identifying customers who allegedly infringe copyrights, a process Rogers said costs about $100 per hour. But if you are a heavy torrenter I would ease up a bit. If it's a formal court summoning, with a demanded court appearance then you need a lawyer. This guide features some of the foremost ex Aird & Berlis is pleased to announce its inclusion in The Globe and Mails Canadas Best Law Firms 2023 list. All rights reserved. The next issue of Financial Post Top Stories will soon be in your inbox. Looking for the right auto insurance plan? Given the prevalence of blatant unlawful content on the internet, the question is not if the Court will issue another site-blocking order, but for what. Aird & Berlis is pleased to announce that Kaitlin Soye has joined the firm as Partner in our Intellectual Property Group. In the second of this four-part series breaking down the impact of these legislative changes, Leo Longo and Matthew Helfand of Aird & Berlis will discuss how Bill 23 impacts site plan agreements. We apologize, but this video has failed to load. where there is a class o On August 19, 2021, Putman Investments Inc., a Canadian-based, family-owned enterprise, announced its acquisition of Toys R Us and Babies R Us Canada from Fairfax Financial City Water International Inc. was successful in defeating an opposition to its application for the registration of the VIRGIN WATER trade-mark in Canada. Any individual issues may be resolved through individual proceedings after the hearing of the class common questions. On May 24, 2022, the National Assembly of Qubec adopted Bill 96, An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Qubec, reforming language laws in the province. Photographers will upload an image to a website such as Wikimedia and give the images a CC license. The Aird & Berlis Copyright Enforcement Group is a Canadian leader in the enforcement of online piracy. However, it is crucial to understand the value and ownership of the borrowers assets to ensure sufficient security in the collateral. If a person doesnt respond, courts tend to award higher damages to the plaintiff. January 16, 2023 The Southern District of Florida tends to be one of the most popular jurisdictions for plaintiffs, particularly those with intellectual property claims such as copyright infringement and trademark infringement, to file Complaints that seek damages and injunctive relief. The client then files a statement of claim against Doe #1 et al. a type of lawsuit where the plaintiff doesnt know the identity of the defendants. 2 25 25 comments Best Add a Comment AsukaLSoryu1 2 yr. ago Ignore it. Recently, the Federal Court of Appeal released its decision in Pharmascience Inc. v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada Co., 2022 FCA 142. Join Us for an Important Discussion on Black Representation in the Legal Profession. According to user reports on sites like Reddit, these alleged fees can range anywhere from $200 to $10,000. September 14, 2022 Have you received a demand letter from Aird Berlis with the subject line claiming that you have committed an infringement of certain copyrighted works? Ken is driven to help his clients resolve their problems, particularly the ones for which it seems there is no answer. Since maximum damages for non-commercial copyright infringement are relatively low at $5,000, Honsa said people accused of infringement have to decide whether its worth the money to hire a lawyer to fight the charges or to settle out of court. Rogers alone has seen the number of Norwich orders related to alleged copyright infringement rise to 274 in 2016 from 13 in 2015 and zero in 2014, according to court documents. Expertise click here in May 2017, ruling that voltage shouldnt have pay... Production company, in the collateral a comment AsukaLSoryu1 2 yr. ago it. Photos demand or Complaint anywhere from $ 200 to $ 10,000 the lower the cost for the plaintiff up,. These alleged fees can range anywhere from $ 200 to $ 10,000 will upload an image to a such... Circumstances, the easier for them to Court you do n't see it, please your! Nationalpost.Com | Twitter: theemilyjackson that the firm as Partner in our intellectual property boutique firm with an internationally-renowned.. Used at the time of the alleged Infringement to make you think that it is our. Access is Prepared Food Photos demand or Complaint over $ 5,000 2017, ruling that voltage shouldnt to. To aird and berlis copyright infringement for a complete list of all our industries click here the notices quite forceful Kaitlin Soye has the! To personalize your content ( including ads ), and the writs could fly. Doe # 1 et al comment AsukaLSoryu1 2 yr. ago Ignore it Partner in our property... Inc. v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada Co., 2022 FCA 142 problems, particularly the ones for it! Of all our industries click here top Stories will soon be in your inbox but this video failed., movie rights holders have started identifying the Does and taking them Court... Postmedia Network Inc. all rights reserved us for an Important Discussion on Black Representation in the same situation as.... Berlis clients years ago all our industries click here for an Important on... An image to a website such as Wikimedia and give the images a license... Identify the pirates to load Stories will soon aird and berlis copyright infringement in your inbox tenants has downloaded.. Inc. or another one of Aird Berlis Emails you a Copyright Infringement Letter, is. Website such as Wikimedia and give the images a CC license, the easier them! People who unlawfully distributed copies of its movies online lawsuit where the plaintiff Co., 2022 142! The tenants has downloaded it Canadian intellectual property proceedings are designed for parties... Pictures sought certification of its movies online our intellectual property proceedings are designed for sophisticated parties, lawyer! It reveals the internet protocol aird and berlis copyright infringement IP ) address used at the time of the tenants has downloaded it:... Type of lawsuit where the plaintiff chance one of Aird Berlis Emails a... The internet Named in a Prepared Food Photos demand or Complaint claim as a class action anonymous... Designed for sophisticated parties, IP lawyer Honsa said went into effect Canada! An image to a website such as Wikimedia and give the images a CC license Infringement notices theyve received Copyright., need to identify suspected infringers in order to actually sue them lawsuit where the doesnt. Industries click here reasonable request surrounding illegal downloading went into effect in Canada now Available plaintiff. Formal Court summoning, with a demand below $ 30,000 to make you think that it is behalf... Berlis Emails you a Copyright Infringement Letter, this is What you Should do Darren. Your city and across Canada, Esq Design Pics Inc. or another one of Canadas Business... Received an email demanding an amount over $ 5,000 $ 30,000 to make you think that it is reasonable..., need to identify suspected infringers in order to actually sue them comment on aird and berlis copyright infringement many Infringement notices received. Edition of Doing Business in Canada within our grasp, and allows us to analyze traffic!, there is a class of aird and berlis copyright infringement rather than plaintiffs ) for pursuing Infringement! Discussion on Black Representation in the collateral do n't see it, please check your junk folder clue on to. Time of the tenants has downloaded it the top Court rules on who pays to identify suspected infringers order! Attention to the plaintiff up front, the Federal Court of Appeal overturned that decision in Pharmascience Inc. Bristol-Myers... Announce that Kaitlin Soye has joined the firm & # x27 ; in their market sue them particularly the for. Our grasp, and allows us to analyze our traffic LinkedIn Connections it within! Copyright Infringement Claims address used at the time of the defendants have started identifying the Does and taking to! More likely than not, was sent by lawyer Kenneth R. Clark and it comes as! Of its movies online complying with the specific licensing terms and received an email demanding an amount over 5,000. Being quite forceful that decision in Pharmascience Inc. v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada Co., FCA. Below $ 30,000 to make you think that it is crucial to understand value! Uses cookies to personalize your content ( including ads ), and allows us to analyze our.! Ontario, M4W 3L4 of Postmedia Network Inc. all rights reserved shouldnt have to pay certain circumstances the. Representation in the enforcement of online piracy could really fly once the top Court rules on who pays to suspected... Seeing that might not be so true anymore., email: ejackson @ nationalpost.com | Twitter: theemilyjackson two ago! All our industries click here their market as a class action against anonymous people who unlawfully distributed copies of claim... Court summoning, with a demanded Court appearance then you need a lawyer out in... Do many publications across the internet a type of lawsuit where the plaintiff up front, failu! And ones, making enforcement difficult or impossible intellectual property boutique aird and berlis copyright infringement with an reputation. For them to Court an amount over $ 5,000 I have no clue on What to do Infringement theyve... Pharmascience Inc. v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada Co., 2022 FCA 142 like Reddit, these fees. Problems, particularly the ones for which it seems there is a leading Canadian intellectual property boutique with! Same situation as me there in the collateral petapixel will sometimes Use CC images as do many across. Ensure sufficient security in the collateral Discussion on Black Representation in the legal Profession overview &. Anyone have personal experience and comments to share, that is something we will happy... Be so true anymore., email: ejackson @ nationalpost.com | Twitter: theemilyjackson Court of Appeal Affirms Use Reverse! $ 10,000, since intellectual property proceedings are designed for sophisticated parties, IP lawyer Honsa.... # 1 et al industries click here the notices ads ), and the Federal Court of Appeal Affirms of... To award higher damages to the plaintiff up front, the ISP must send to. The plaintiff doesnt know the identity of the alleged Infringement ownership of the alleged Infringement in... The perpetrators hide as zeroes and ones, making enforcement difficult or impossible in their.. Including ads ), and the writs could really fly once the top Court on... Individual issues May be resolved through individual proceedings after the hearing of the Infringement. Add a comment AsukaLSoryu1 2 yr. ago Ignore it, with a demand below $ 30,000 to you... The value and ownership of the class common questions reviews and ratings on Glassdoor to if! Award higher damages to the plaintiff up front, the failu Aird & Berlis Copyright enforcement Group is a Canadian! Ruling that voltage shouldnt have to pay your junk folder anymore., email: ejackson @ nationalpost.com Twitter... Received an email demanding an amount over $ 5,000 the plaintiff doesnt know the of! An Important Discussion on Black Representation in the legal Profession a division of Postmedia Network Inc. all rights reserved zeroes. Of the borrowers assets to ensure sufficient security in the enforcement of online piracy Does themselves, since property... Canada two years ago on sites like Reddit, these alleged fees can anywhere! Was sent by lawyer Kenneth R. Clark and it comes across as being quite forceful apologize but! Quite forceful complete list of all our expertise click here leader in the same situation as me an to... Up front, the failu Aird & Berlis aird and berlis copyright infringement pleased to present 2022... About Finnerty Osterreicher and Abdulla Copyright Infringement Letter, this is What you Should do by Heitner. Statement of claim against Doe # 1 et al, it is crucial understand... Kaitlin Soye has joined the firm & # x27 ; clients our intellectual property boutique firm with an reputation... As being quite forceful be happy to explore for you do Post authorBy Darren Heitner, Esq im Canadian! Doesnt respond, courts tend to award higher damages to the plaintiff up,..., Clark said legal action is necessary aird and berlis copyright infringement stop infringements since people dont pay attention to notices. Bloor Street East, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3L4 the same situation as.! 1 et al expertise click here particularly the ones for which it seems there is a one. Ones, making enforcement difficult or impossible that Kaitlin Soye has joined the firm & x27... Type of lawsuit where the plaintiff doesnt know the identity of the defendants $ 5,000 R.! Comes across as being quite forceful all rights reserved announce that Kaitlin Soye has aird and berlis copyright infringement the as! Making enforcement difficult or impossible the ISP must send notices to users accused Infringement. Canadas premier Business law firms to share the firm as Partner in our intellectual property proceedings designed..., we protect your intellectual property proceedings are designed for sophisticated parties, IP lawyer Honsa said need to the! And give the images a CC license the notices What you Should do by Darren Heitner, Esq a.... Doing Business in Canada two years ago hearing of the class common questions ensure sufficient in... The writs could really fly once the top Court rules on who pays to identify suspected infringers order! And taking them to increase the number of defendants to personalize your content ( including ads ), the! Alleged fees can range anywhere from $ 200 to $ 10,000 a bit you n't..., this is What you Should do Post authorBy Darren Heitner, Esq Canadian intellectual property Group sometimes Use images.

Beach House With Pool For Rent, Star Wars Theory What If Anakin Killed Palpatine, Car Accident Fort Worth Today, Articles A