Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. You got lucky! He escaped from prison shortly before his death in West Germany in 1978. He was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film, The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kapplers first meeting with Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty. The two lived at an address on Tbingern, Kurzestrasse 15, before later moving to an apartment listed at Stuttgart-Degerloch, Reutlingerstrasse 98. Thank you for using this website. Kappler came into direct conflict with the neutral Vatican under Pope Pius XII, which Kappler correctly believed was harbouring escaped Allied POWs, members of the Italian Resistance, and Jews. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. The reports suggested that Bonn would place Kappler in a German hospital under strict police guard and the Italian government would find this a politically palatable solution to the row over his escape. Irmgard was born on December 9 1908. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and served as an SA-Mann from August 1, 1931 to December 1, 1932. He would never join his diocese. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=7681127, German military personnel of World War II, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Arrest and Later Life. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. By submitting the above I agree to the privacy policy and terms of use of JTA.org, Search JTA's historical archive dating back to 1923. In 1931, Herbert Kappler formally became a Nazi Party member. What happened to Herbert Kapplers first wife? Kappler's main activities during this period involved suppressing resistance groups, rounding up "enemies of the state", and enforcing anti-Jewish measures, conducting Jewish ghetto raids, and deportations to extermination camps. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Kappler was never discharged and technically held this rank during World War II, although by that time Kappler was an active full-time SS member and exempt from further military service. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom eventually died in Nazi gas chambers. We have no ads to show you! Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence; later, he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler . Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. Herbert married Irmgard Kappler (born Erckmann). Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. World War II By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). In 1975, he was diagnosed with cancer. OFlaherty was told he would be shot if he crossed the line not that it stopped him. [9][13] Kappler's first wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. Hugh O'Flaherty, who also often visited him in prison, and with whom Kappler often discussed literature and religion. Therefore, he was allowed to visit POW camps throughout Italy. Kappler presided over the Ardeatine massacre, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. Kurtna, who was always loyal to the USSR, only started to also spy for Nazi Germany in 1943 because his new handler, Kappler, repeatedly threatened to otherwise send Kurtna and his wife to a concentration camp. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. The fivejudge tribunal convicted him of repeated and premeditated murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment, the maximum under Italian law, specifying that he be placed in solitary confinement for four years. His first assignment was as a member of an Allgemeine SS formation (the 13th SS-Standarte), operating out of Stuttgart, performing part-time duties as a member of the general SS. [18], In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. With a portion of Italy under German occupation, those POWs were at risk of being recaptured. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. 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On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Meanwhile, the West German government has denied German press reports that it has secretly reached agreement with the Italian government on a means of ending the Kappler controversy. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. SS Obersturmfhrer, The head of German police and security services in Rome. Wellwishers showered the Kappler apartment with flowers and telegrams, and young neoNazis marched along the street below with, Fascist and antiJewish banners. Upon the outbreak of World War II, in September 1939, Kappler was serving as an SS-Hauptsturmfhrer (captain) out of the Stuttgart Gestapo main office. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. Kappler organized the Ardeatine massacre, in which 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944, as a reprisal for an attack by resistance fighters that had resulted in the deaths of 33 men of the SS Police garrison in Rome. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. He also coordinated the rescue of downed pilots, providing them with food, medicine and safe houses throughout Italy. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. Contents In mid 1935, Kappler applied for transfer to the full-time SS and submitted an application to join the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) or SiPo. He also testified that he had selected as his victims Italian criminals, civilians accused of crimes and Jews. WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. Herbert Kappler passed away in 1978 after Anneliese broke him out of prison when he was . Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. She defended these donations on the grounds that she had spent her entire savings to try and secure her husbands release and to care for him while he was a prisoner. Mrs. Kappler said she had received messages of support from people all over the world. Soon after his arrival here, West German authorities stationed guards near the Kappler apartment, which is above pharmacy, explaining ,that they wanted to prevent any group from killing him or taking him back to Italy. During Kappler's probationary period, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, meaning that Kappler did not have the "honor" of full SS membership prior to the Nazis' assumption of power. Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. By the time the Allies captured Rome in June 1944, OFlahertys underground network had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive. I recommend you watch his trial here. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. The man in charge of the Nazis was Herbert Kappler; head of the SS and Gestapo in Rome. Hunted by them, he ended up converting the SS chief in Rome. iie. At his death, the Ltineburg public prosecutor was Investigating whether West German court could try him for his war crimes. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: The more they hate Herbert Kappler, the more love him. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. As they already had so many enemies, the last thing they wanted was to alienate the worlds entire Catholic population by violating the Popes domain. Vittorio Lattanzio resigned from his position as Minister of Defense in the aftermath of the escape. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. from the Jews of Rome, which Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.[3][8][9]. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? Amazingly, the Irishman agreed to go and see a man who had plotted to kidnap him and at one stage wanted to murder him. In January 1936, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Scharfhrer (sergeant) and assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office of Stuttgart (Stapoleitstelle Stuttgart). Following the end of the war, Kappler stood trial in Italy and was sentenced to life imprisonment. [19], Kappler was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. In 1922 OFlaherty was sent to Rome to finish his studies where he was ordained three years later. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). Walter Ciszek as a fellow political prisoner in the Gulag complex located 300km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag. Despite the Fascist dictatorship, the war, and racial legislation, the family . He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Instead, he stayed to work for the Holy See, serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. This page was last changed on 26 July 2021, at 19:26. He said the Jews had committed no crime other than being Jews, but were about to be deported to Germany.. Kappler was in charge of Jewish roundups for deportations to Auschwitz. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Kapplerwas head of The Gestapo in Rome during the occupation. Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. [1][4][5][6][7], Kappler was immediately put in charge of implementing the Holocaust in Italy in both Rome and Lazio;[4] in his first action, 1,023 Roman Jews were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz; where only 16 survived. An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Kappler's first action as head of German security forces in Rome was to help plan the rescue of Benito Mussolini by the SS special forces, a feat which was accomplished by Otto Skorzeny. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase, Kappler, a chain smoker, weighed less than 105 pounds at the time and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. Kapplers days were over. At his trial in 1948, after six hours, the head of the five-judge military tribunal gravely pronounced the stiffest sentence he could give under Italian law: "life imprisonment, including four years solitary confinement, for repeated and premeditated murder.. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr. Herbert Kappler. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, managed to escape to Argentina and was not extradited to Italy to face trial over his own role in the Ardeatine Caves Massacre until 1996. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. A particular adversary of Kapplers in this respect was Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape from Rome led to Kappler marking him for assassination. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. The date of the Ardeatine massacre, March 24, 1944, became a national day of mourning in Italy, and the killings are still recalled with outrage. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. Photos:Kappler -United States War Department, Public domainvia Wikimedia Commons. She lowered him out a fourthfloor window with a mountainclimbing harness, hid him in a box and drove to West Germay. Collect, curate and comment on your files. The Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919, making life difficult. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. He was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (lieutenant colonel) on September 12 and quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Italian capital. David Alvarez and Robert A. Graham, S.J. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. In retaliation for the armistice between Italy and the Allies on 8 September 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. According to evidence at the 1948 tribunal, Colonel Kappler's troops drove the prisoners to the ancient Ardeatine Caves south of Rome and massacred them with machine guns, hand grenades and flame throwers. Although most were Allied soldiers, some were Jews. [14][15], In 1948, Kappler was tried by an Italian Army military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. (1997), Military history of Italy during World War II, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", "Weitere Grber nicht mehr namenlos (neues deutschland)", "La vedova di Kappler a Trento per il culto del Simonino", "Erich Priebke, Nazi Who Carried Out Massacre of 335 Italians, Dies at 100", "Nazi funeral that's forcing Italy to face its past", "Kappler's escape MEETING WITH Hon. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 and the SS in 1933. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. . [2], Due to Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. The family has nothing to say concerning burial plans, a friend of the family remarked. Giuseppe worked as a salesclerk at an interior decoration store in Rome. Berlin directed him to have 10 times as many Italians shot in retaliation. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Kappler's activities between 1929 and 1931 are little known, except that he was living in Stuttgart, occasionally performing work as an electrician. Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. Hugh O'Flaherty was born to James and Margaret O'Flaherty in Lisrobin, Kiskeam, County Cork, Ireland, on February 28, 1898. On a visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about (104 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany. Without hesitation, O'Flaherty took up Kappler's invitation and in prison the two men chatted over coffee. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Towards the end of 1934, on September 29, he married Leonore Janns who was the same age as Kappler (27 at the time) and came from the city of Heilbronn. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. As Nazi police chief in Rome, he ordered the executions in 1944 after a midtown bombing attack by partisans killed 32 SS men. The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20-12-1925. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. On 19-04-1972, he married Anneliese Viktoria Wenger (born 1925), a homeopath and mother of three already grown children from a first marriage divorced in 1955 (including Eckehard and Ekkehard Walther, who was with her in Rome) In 1962, after hearing about Kapplers fate from a patient for the first time, she wrote to him and sent food parcels. It was later performed live under the name Kingfishers Catch Fire.[21]. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. For his role in several atrocities, including the Ardeatine Massacre (the slaughter of 335 civilians in the Ardeatine Caves), the Nazi chief was sentenced to life in prison. He next attended a technical college and spent seven semesters studying electrical engineering. He was described as a model prisoner, interested in music, theology, reading and meditation. Now he was practically in charge of Rome as. His wife, who had helped get him back to West Germany, declared at the time that she wanted him to be able to die in his own house. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practicesof the time they were published. In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against the SS Police Regiment Bozen in Rome. Kapplers second in command in Rome, SS-Captain. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe Major General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Supreme SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Since the marriage had remained childless, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home. Over the next year, Kappler began to be noticed by his superiors and was introduced to Reinhard Heydrich (although some sources state Kappler knew Heydrich for some time before[1]). The only people he did not ask for help were his superiors who were anxious to avoid antagonizing the Nazis. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. In his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported, of whom only 16 survived. 2023 jewish telegraphic agency all rights reserved. He was raised in Killarney where his father was a steward on a golf course where the family lived. She also denied receiving financial aid for the escape from any group, but admitted, during a TV interview, that she had received money from various groups representing former SS members. Since he was at this time considered only a general SS member, not assigned to permanent full-time duties, Kappler was not exempt from the draft and he became a Schtze in the Wehrmacht on June 11, 1935. There was a great sense of letting go." . During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. Herbert Kappler of the German Army carried out a massacre of Italian civilians at the Ardeatine Caves near Rome on March 24, 1944. While serving his sentence in prison, Herbert Kappler divorced his first wife and married his nurse, Anneliese, in 1972. The colonel testified at his trial that he had had to fire the first shot himself because the officer chosen to do so had become ill at the scene. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. Raised a Protestant, Kappler wanted to convert to Roman Catholicism, but OFlaherty cautioned against it. The film was filled with the Catholic faith of his wife, Maria von Trapp, and their family. From 1939 to 1940, he was briefly deployed to Poland and participated in various Einsatzgruppen actions before serving a further tour as a uniformed Gestapo officer in occupied Belgium where he acted to suppress resistance. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any official German authority or any group had aided in the escape attempt. Impressed with his abilities, he was appointed to the Holy See; the Vaticans governing body. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. 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