%PDF-1.6 % Whereas among systemic fungicides, metalaxyl. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It is very important to consult experts before Both copper hydroxide and copper oxychloride are important as fungicides. Before mixing with other products in spray tank, be sure that products are compatible. Moreover, the solubility of this compound in water is negligible. Foliar application is usually compatible if the pesticide is not systemic. Effect of this insecticide resulted in a reduction coefficient (Ex) of > 99% which corresponds to the very harmful category by IOBC toxicity classification. tenuis was similar to other studies where it was reported safe such as to Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) the parasitoid of the nymphs of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri . To avoid overestimation of toxic effects that usually occur when inert materials are employed as substrate, we used pesticide-free tomato plants (35-day old and 30 cm high) [6] of the same variety of those used in the rearing. reduced rates of chlorothalonil with copper hydroxide on peanut leaf spot severity and peanut yield. xmp.id:B2FC01B10F2068118083E936383AAE83 Characteristics and compatibility of copper, Maintain an appropriate pH of the mixture, Why are my banana leaves turning yellow? For example, Yardim et al [44] reported that fungicides such as benomyl and chlorothalonil had little effect on predators. endobj Exposure to dry residue of the tested insecticides did not produce significant negative effects on the predator Nesidiocoris tenuis. Validation, Copper Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide. Yes 5 SC= Compatible, Difenaconazole 25 EC+Chlorpyriphos https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187439, Editor: Nicolas Desneux, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, FRANCE, Received: May 24, 2017; Accepted: October 19, 2017; Published: November 2, 2017. endobj fipronil 5% SC + copper oxychloride 50% WP effectively minimized the incidence of thrips population followed by fipronil 5% SC. Cumene Hydroperoxide Acids Cyanides Acids Flammable Liquids . However, what matters is not the concentration of copper in the container, but the amount that manages to get inside the factory. Ex values were ranked following the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) standards for laboratory tests: 1 = harmless (< 30%), 2 = slightly harmful (3079%), 3 = moderately harmful (8099%), and 4 = harmful (> 99%) [28]. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Sprays of Copper Oxychloride may be applied up to day of harvest. Within each subfigure, columns sharing a common letter indicate no significant difference between treatments (P >0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by the Least Significant Difference test). It is important to note that, the jar test only tests Treated E. kuehniella eggs were provided daily at the rate of 50 eggs per predator and a clean water source was offered ad libitum in a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube sealed with cotton. Chemical Compatibility Guide Supervision, COPPER OXYCHLORIDE SULFATE Copper oxychloride sulfate Fungicide NO COPPER SPRAY Oxychlorure de cuivre Fungicide YES By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Conceptualization, 2 0 obj The number of nymphs produced was corrected by early death of a predator female in order to calculate a more accurate estimate of actual sublethal effects of the tested chemicals on reproductive capacity [6]. It is mass-reared and released for augmentative biocontrol programs mainly aimed at controlling whiteflies and Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in greenhouses and open field. In the multiple exposure experiment in addition to establishing the dry residues on tomato sprouts, 12 day old adults of N. tenuis and E. kuehniella eggs were sprayed with pesticides solutions and water (as untreated control) in the Potter tower [22,23]. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Copper Oxychloride should not be applied in spray water having a pH of less than 6.5 as phytotoxicity may result. Mean (SEM) number of nymphs produced per Nesidiocoris tenuis female corrected by live females during seven days of reproduction a) females were exposed to dry residues on tomato sprouts b) females were treated with topical sprays and later foraged on treated sprouts and fed on treated prey Ephestia kuehniella, simultaneously. No, Is the Subject Area "Crops" applicable to this article? 2014-03-26T09:12:59.004-05:00 3 0 obj One of the great fears when we have different crops in our care is the mixing of different insecticides with copper, a fungicide widely used in conventional and organic agriculture for its extraordinary properties in stopping the growth of fungi and, in some cases , bacteria. endobj Is the Subject Area "Fruit crops" applicable to this article? 2013-07-10T14:05:23-05:00 57 EC= Compatible, Fenarimol 12 EC+Chlorpyriphos 20 EC= Compatible, Fenarimol 12 EC+Dimethoate 30 EC= Compatible, Fenarimol 12 EC+Fenazaquin10 EC= Compatible, Fosetyl All rights reserved. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click 95 0 obj Madhu is a graduate in Biological Sciences with BSc (Honours) Degree and currently persuing a Masters Degree in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry. 25 EC = Compatible, Mancozeb 75 WP+Chlorpyriphos Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran, Roles Blitox . Predators were considered dead when they remained immobile after being touched with a fine paintbrush. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, employing both biological control agents and pesticides are preferred compared to pesticide only approach for sustainable production systems [1,2]. Process Chemical Compatibility Guide uuid:df0b74fe-2082-ca4e-860d-fb6b88ddfe4d + Fenpropimorph = Compatible, Epoxiconazole [52] observed no difference in the mortality and fecundity of the predatory mite E. victoriensis from penconazole or trifloxystrobin. <>stream Roles However, care should be taken with forms of copper that contain sulfur, such as copper sulfatebecause if applied at high temperatures or soon after application of an oil-based insecticide, such as paraffin oil, incompatibilities may exist. endobj Mortality and reproductive capacity were investigated as indicators of lethal and sublethal effects on N. tenius. for chemical incompatibility is to spray the mixture in a small area and check Most other studies also observed no or minor effects of these fungicides against other beneficial insects useful for biological control and IPM. Where Emx is the mortality corrected for the control mortality [27] and Efx is the corrected reproduction estimated using the following formula: Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 159 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 792.0 612.0]/Type/Page>> Ronald F. Clayton 20 EC= Compatible, Oxadixyl Copper(II) hydroxide By Nebraska bob at English Wikipedia Originally from en.wikipedia (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Our finding of its minor effects on N . Bernard et al. what chemicals to use The melting point is 80C, and it decomposes into CuO (copper oxide) upon further heating. The experiments were conducted at the Department of Plant Protection, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of southern Kerman (Iran) under controlled environment, using incubators at the same environmental conditions described for the colony maintenance. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. When considering the uses of copper hydroxide, it is important in producing rayon, used in aquariums to destroy external parasites on fish, useful as an alternative for fungicides, etc. Compatible, Bromophos If a separate oily layer, large oil granules, Chemical Compatibility Guide During Mirids are an important predatory group in several crops. 4e739735ec50523ad929b6aac8340ae467185943 Writing review & editing, Affiliation Yates Copper Oxychloride spray will stain on contact with walls, fences, and other surfaces. The pH of the treatment must be carefully controlled and a small compatibility test (1 or 2 trees or plants maximum) in case of doubt. endobj Methodology, methyl + Epoxiconazole = Compatible, Mancozeb 75 WP+Quinalphos not be used. Resources, Writing review & editing, Roles Reproduction data were used to calculate and analyze (i) total offspring produced per 5 females per replicate and any early death of predator females in a given replicate (i.e. 57 EC= Compatible, Myclobutanil 10 WP+Dimethoate Methodology, Our findings are in similar with the studies by using Copper oxychloride, mancozeb, fosetyl-Al and . Compatibility; Fusarium semitectum . <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 594.96 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Investigation, However, the greatest dangers of phytotoxicity in this case are found in foliar applications. <> 10 EC= Compatible, Myclobutanil 10 WP+Chlorpyriphos Furthermore, we can determine the structure of this compound using X-ray crystallography. No, Is the Subject Area "Sprouts" applicable to this article? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Three commercial insecticides and seven fungicides commonly used in tomato and other crops were tested (Table 1). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In summary, copper can be mixed with insecticides with great care where the insecticide comes from and as long as no high organic content nutrients are added. Funding acquisition, Antonio Biondi was founded by EU FP7 no. + Folpet + Cymoxanil = Compatible, Fosetyl This could be due to two main reasons that should eventually be tested specifically. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Under field conditions toxic effects of these chemicals on N. tenuis may further decrease overtime compared with those observed in these studies. It is not worth drastically lowering or increasing its pH and then compensating until it reaches the desired value. account of synergistic effects of other chemical. Dicopper chloride trihydroxide Cu 2 (OH) 3 Cl is a green crystalline solid. Fixed coppers are compatible with lime. Additionally, they tend to have good compatibility and generally can be mixed with insecticides. 1. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 164 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 792.0 612.0]/Type/Page>> 2. + Thiram + Gamma HCH = Compatible, Triticonazole half an hour or overnight, if possible. Except for methoxyfenozide and copper oxychloride, constant agitation to keep dodine from settling to the bottom of the tank was not required. Writing original draft, stream Chemical Compatibility Guide; what chemicals to use; guide for chemical uses; general guideline for pump material selection; material chemical compatibility x]$mWLyKwZ}AGwgHIC}@{ :H EVVr//]7+{6;jz},ZbO_{^~o.}&oo.,{6!F?~c^y)/cKsh[wO:N//t9-^O[XwNx7cZM|.Lz|CG|?w|}zdD\}@ v xuFW~+CMp_Z/.ID.~@ID >]yY9O^L*t4L]]Q`WAKT7pc&e`O+-a|6YN~z8m=uu!V-.Y6fj{|>xG)aozvv0/cY\NpEwOqWfzz%/|,MGuU``k+r~:a;j?5%YH/&Fo\a;/?rhb~Otf86gYeW,LBYV&0M)eR_~~+pWo#9=s6r$M!S\$+K>@xy}>-m}a}fO.$`$ dDLBw5V&qEC=m!.-.xN0VT~k>(} OXC}%o$\yv0][V?jS(1&?z5DpvKmqx^=3|iD4/T!IU=n/OP+IXNy _mAw)e During this decomposition, it eliminates HCl acid. Validation, It saves the labour cost, water requirements + Chlorothalonil = Compatible, Any endobj Interestingly, single and multiple exposures to Penconazol and the mixuture of Fluopicolide and Propamocarb hydrochloride had a stimulatory effect on the predator, i.e., increasing its survival and reproduction, with negative reduction coefficients. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Overall, findings suggest that the two insecticides, pyriproxyfen and spirotetramat but not cypermethrin, and all tested fungicides can be considered compatible with N. tenuis. 1.8 EC= Compatible, Phenylmercury Predators and E. kuehniella eggs were then placed with treated sprouts in the arenas described above. thiocyanate + Dichloropropene = Compatible, Metiram The key difference between copper hydroxide and copper oxychloride is that copper hydroxide is an inorganic compound, while copper oxychloride is an organic compound. Feb 27, 2023 (The Expresswire) -- Report Insights: The Global Copper Oxychloride market is valued at 292.5 million . here. Larvae and nymphs of most insects end up experiencing more contact with plant surfaces and intoxicated host beside topical contact compared with adults who are able to fly and avoid contact by moving to untreated environment. from application/x-indesign to application/pdf 1058 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<42B060CA479E5A41A120C8D35BD1251C>]/Index[1028 50]/Info 1027 0 R/Length 137/Prev 295474/Root 1029 0 R/Size 1078/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Exposure to dry residues of pyriproxyfen and chlorothalonil for 7 days caused significant reduction in offspring production of females compared to control (F = 3.301; df = 9, 40; P = 0.004, Fig 2A) while all other treatments did not produce significant negative impact on reproduction. Methyl= Incompatible, Bodaeaux Mixture+Wettable Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Required fields are marked *. Resources, @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } } q1Xi Y( pY!A'n6%LgY1~jZP5apr3X&Mg0g`ix :^ + Carbendazim + Tebuconazole = Compatible, Prochloraz To record the number of dead predators, observations were made daily during the 7 days after the release. Incompatible pesticides may clog or plug spray Terms of Use and Privacy Policy: Legal. Investigation, For dry residual exposure bioassay, five females and five males (12 d old) of N. tenuis were released into each arena containing tomato sprout with dry residues. 1077 0 obj <>stream The procedure of jar test is given as under:-. In other words, when biostimulating nutrients are mixed, they increase the entry of copper inside the plant through both the foliar and root routes. 1. e0187439. No, Is the Subject Area "Tomatoes" applicable to this article? Where Fx and Fc is the mean reproductive capacity of the female for pesticide x treatment and control, respectively. 89 0 obj Your email address will not be published. Reproduction was reduced in the treatment of cypermethrin and increased in the treatment of fluopicolide + propamocarb hydrochloride (FPH) compared with control when females were exposed to the chemicals through multiple exposure (F = 10.89; df = 10, 44; P< 0.001, Fig 3B). The IUPAC name of this compound is dicopper chloride trihydroxide. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187439.g001. xmp.did:F87F1174072068118083E936383AAE83 Five replicates were carried out. Sulphur= Incompatible, Captan/Pyrifenox Copper hydroxide is an inorganic compound having the chemical formula Cu(OH)2. Sprayers can be saved from wear and tear. M/ B#z9lBGaB=]yz!sG !*, general guideline for pump material selection, from application/x-indesign to application/pdf. 10 EC= Compatible, Flusilazole 40 EC+Propargite Two exposure routes were tested: (i) contact with dry residues of insecticides or fungicides on tomato sprouts and (ii) multiple exposure to these chemicals via topical sprays on adults which foraged on treated sprouts; and fed on treated eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) simultaneously. We evaluated the lethal and sublethal toxicity upon N. tenuis adults of label doses of three insecticides (pyriproxyfen, spirotetramat, cypermethrin) and seven fungicides (benomyl, chlorothalonil, copper oxychloride, cyazofamid, fluopicolide + propamocarb hydrochloride (FPH), penconazol, trifloxystrobin) commonly used in various crops. + Mancozeb + Cymoxanil = Compatible, Fuberidazole Cyazofamid, FPH, penconazol and trifloxystrobin were harmless to N. tenuis. Due to the particular characteristics of this acaricide, preventive fungicide and insecticide product, it is generally not recommended to mix it with copper, since it is quite strong, so it is generally recommended alone (without mixing with other insecticides or treatments). A PUZZLE, How to take care of a lily: All the basic care of this flower, What happens if I drink chamomile tea with honey? The Jar test can be done for physical + Fenpropimorph = Compatible, Propiconazole / Chlorothalonil + Copper Oxychloride Rate Response Tests physical incompatibility, not chemical incompatibility. Many farmers ask what chemicals can be mixed with liquid products that contain trace elements. 25 EC= Compatible, Difenaconazole 25 EC+Abamectin 1.8 EC= Compatible, Difenaconazole 25 EC+Fenazaquin For example, Hoddle et al [35] reported significant mortality of adults and immatures of parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Biondi et al. It is generally agreed that copper itself is less toxic than its salts (Bulinski, R. 1993). Compatibility of Copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000) with biocontrol agents 1.1.1. It is the hydroxide of copper. Project administration, Antonio Biondi was founded by EU FP7 no. %!C}r,/B! 7q=6"_!B^"v6=.70v~=XLc}9i %"vk|`Z(4S0)#1s$[FTnG>DG=s;&c3o+n+5QhqVfc|z:e`X5=G19K.F'#g|_9~S`F:uBhp,*OHNWBEJ%,I9ZSgj{M_! 0 Eggs were kept in the freezer until used. endstream endobj 1029 0 obj <. Hengam (Polaris Seeds, USA) and with an ad libitum supply of Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs, often used as factitious prey [17]. There have been recent reports of its crucial role in contrasting the population of the T. absoluta [1214]. phosphorous oxychloride, phosphorous pentachloride, phosphorous pentoxide, sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide. WITHHOLDING PERIOD: One day COMPATIBILITY: Do not mix with Yates Lime Sulfur spray. 2013-07-10T14:05:23-05:00 Adobe PDF Library 10.0.1 [51] reported effects of chlorothalonil on parasitism, emergence and sex ratio of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in cucurbitaceous crop. ` [emailprotected] Mortality in other treatments insecticides or fungicides was not significantly different from mortality in the control. In a neutral medium, this compound is very stable. Hence the question of whether can you mix copper with insecticideSo even add fertilizer to the mix. Carvalho et al. There is not much information on the side effects of cyazophamid and FPH on natural enemies. Some of these effects could be associated with petroleum oil. Fixed coppers are much less soluble than pure copper sulfate. stream Untreated E. kuehniella eggs were provided daily as food at the rate of 50 eggs per predator and a water source was offered ad libitum in a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube sealed with cotton. Prepared by the Plant Pathology Division of AREU, in collaboration with the Entomology & Extension Divisions. endobj Multiple exposure to insecticides, except cypermethrin, and fungicides using treated plant, predator and prey did not reduce reproduction (F = 12.826; df = 10, 44; P< 0.001, Fig 2B). For instance, urea increases leaf cuticle permeabilityit therefore facilitates the entry of all the elements that accompany this treatment. Copper oxychloride is the common name given to the compound with formula Cu2(OH)3Cl, more correctly referred to as dicopper chloride trihydroxide, or sometimes basic copper chloride. Type or write in each partner's number for five d, Pounds of moisture per pound of dry air Data curation, 180 0 obj endobj The molar mass of this compound is 97.56 g/mol. Copper has been used for many years in agriculture because it has the ability to reduce multiplication and development of a large group of fungi, algae and bacteria. Generally, copper hydroxide and copper oxychloride are important as fungicides. Key words. Among contact fungicides, Trichoderma was compatible with copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride and mancozeb, and least compatible with captan. The colony was maintained on pesticide-free tomato plants var. It does not store any personal data. In the laboratory, we can also produce copper hydroxide by adding sodium hydroxide into a dilute solution of copper sulfate (hydrated form). to their incompatibilities on mixing. Different pests can be controlled at same time. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187439.g002, There was no significant negative impact of the dry residues treatment on the reproductive capacity of the female and reproduction in the treatment of penconazol was actually more compared with control (F = 2.43; df = 9, 40; P = 0.026, Fig 3A). The results revealed that at the selected concentrations of fungicides, only blue copper and Captaf were compatible to some extent ( Table 1 ). some authentic literature sources and can be used in the field:-, If you didnt find desired pesticides in above combination, No or minor negative effects on N. tenuis makes it a useful potential product for biologically based IPM. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Yes 178 0 obj 4 0 obj . Methodology, 2. realistic to general effect of pesticides on predator populations), (ii) Predator reproductive capacity. here. Numerous factors including environment, temperature, exposure time and other conditions can . oxychloride + Maneb + Sulphur = Compatible, Copper + Copper hydroxide = Compatible, Penconazole 10 EC+Dimethoate Insecticides are commonly used pyrethroids, pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb That is phosmetfor example. Copper sulfate is compatible with oil and lime. Chemical Compatibility Guide INTERVAL (DAYS) LALSTOP G46 WG is compatible with beneficials insects and nematodes. Table spoon or disposable syringe can be used 2014-03-26T09:16:41-05:00 pesticides. 169 0 obj Protect incoming AC power feeders 6 Protect low voltage data/telecommunication circuits. Beside these two pests, N. tenuis also contributes to control of thrips, mites, aphids, spider mites, leafminers, and some other lepidopteran pests in greenhouses and field [1719]. their orchard. We are grateful to the department of plant protection at Vali-e Asr University of Rafsanjani (Rafsanjani, Iran) and the department of plant protection in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Southern Kerman (Jiroft, Iran) for providing financial support for this research to Mohammad Amin Samih. The key difference between copper hydroxide and copper oxychloride is that copper hydroxide is an inorganic compound, while copper oxychloride is an organic compound. farmers and field functionaries of Himachal Pradesh, the following combinations Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. Copyright: 2017 Ziaei Madbouni et al. 50%wp . What isCopper Oxychloride endobj Information given therein on incompatibility of certain agro- Cymoxanil + Mancozeb Iprovalicarb + Propineb Fosetyl-Al + Mancozeb Metalaxyl + Mancozeb chemicals when used as a mixture, has been compiled from various sources Lambda-cyhalothrin Thiophanate methyl E xtension Copper oxychloride Micronised sulphur Propamocarb HCL Fosetyl-Aluminium What isCopper Hydroxide [45,46] found that benomyl was harmless to predator Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) both important biological control agents available naturally and commercially to control several pests in multiple crops including T. absoluta [4749]. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Moreover, we can find it in mineral deposits, metal corrosion products, archaeological objects, etc. + Thiram + Lindane = Compatible, Fentin 2014-03-26T09:12:57.905-05:00 Chemicial Compatibility Guide The following information is intended to be used as a general guideline for pump material selection. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. To avoid any potential cannibalism, nymphs were removed from of the experimental arena at each observation. 165 0 obj Significant sublethal effects of cypermethrin on the rare survivors of N. tenuis further justified its classification as very harmful. 1. It may become hazardous to other non-target 3. % Our finding of its minor effects on N. tenuis was similar to other studies where it was reported safe such as to Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) the parasitoid of the nymphs of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) 52], the predatory mite E. victoriensis [53] and the predatory lacewing C. carnea [54] which target multiple pests. Which may be useful for conservation and augmentation biological control and IPM. Among copper fungicides, bordeaux mixture was more inhibitory than copper oxychloride (50%) with bacterial antagonist. In this type of case, it is always necessary to contact the technical or commercial specialist for the sale of insecticides or copper. Quick answer: when too much copper gets inside the plant. Citation: Ziaei Madbouni MA, Samih MA, Qureshi JA, Biondi A, Namvar P (2017) Compatibility of insecticides and fungicides with the zoophytophagous mirid predator Nesidiocoris tenuis. Our findings show that except cypermethrin none of the tested insecticides and fungicides were significantly harmful to N. tenuis under controlled conditions and even in worse-case scenario where predator experienced topical contact along with treated surfaces and food. Adults used in the experiments were fourth generation progeny derived from field collected specimens and were 12 day old at the beginning of the experiments. Deposition pattern created using spray tower in these experiments were not very realistic of field situation where dispersion is uneven and residues expected to deteriorate by weather conditions such as temperature and rainfall.